Past Papers for National 5 Physics

Please read the course report after completing the paper and marking it according to the General Marking Principles.

N5 PapersYearMarking
Exam
Reports
Digital QP
tagging xls2014-
2022
tagging pdfSkills Tagging
N5 Q3-8

N5 S1 2024

N5 S2 2024
2024
2023S1QP
2023S2QP

20232023 MI
Relations
2023S1DQP

2023S2QP
2022S1QP
2022S2QP
20222022 MI2022Report2022S1DQP
2022S2DQP
2021S1QP
2021S2QP
20212021 MI2021 QP evidence
2019QP20192019 MI2019Report2019DQP
2018QP

20182018 MI2018Report2018 DQP
Specimen
QP & MI
New
Model
Specimen
QP & MI
Assignment
Assessment

S1DQP

S2DQP
RelationS
2017QP20172017 MI2017Report2017 DQP
2016QP20162016 MI2016Report2016 DQP
2015QP20152015 MI2015Report2015 S1 DQP
2015 S2 DQP
2014QP20142014 MI2014Report2014 DQP
QP & MISpecimenQP & MI
READ THIS
FIRSTMARK GUIDE

This is the legendary file from Mr Davie, with all the past paper questions matched to the topics.

I’ve just found this file, to give you some additional access to other questions to practice. Here some of the topics have got questions from SG, Int 2 and H questions.

Dynamics 2021

A couple of songs to start this unit. I think we should start all topics with a song.

I can’t condone where this guy is putting his hands!

Most up-to-date notes,

covering all outcomes

This is the updated version of the Dynamics booklet, updated to match the 2017 SQA changes.

The latest version February 2020

Dynamics Summary Notes

Now these appear to be called “Knowledge Organisers!” Who thinks up these fancy names?

This one is a joint effort by Miss Horn and Mrs Physics with formatting help from Mr Risbridger.

These are perfect Mind Maps by Ms Milner, thanks these are the best out!

From A Milner, these are so comprehensive

Other mind maps by Melanie Ehsan, with thanks to eSgoil (who provide lots of online materials), the first of a collection of mindmaps.

Scalars and Vectors

Speed, Velocity, Acceleration

Velocity time graphs

Newton’s Laws of Motion

With a little help from the IoP here is my updated Newton’s 3 Laws. I hope you can understand it. I’m quite scared to share it with you! The pdf will miss some detail as I’ve overlapped some images.

ENERGY

Projectiles

OTHER RESOURCES

A mixture of some notes not yet tidied up!

Here are some practice questions with worked answers and 6 to a page diagram of the sky diving graph

Signature
29th December 2021

Mrs Physics

29th December 2021

Wordwall Revision Games

Practice your Physics using these Wordwalls, don’t forget this forms only PART of your revision.

Sorry I don’t know why some of these wont embed, I’ve had to post them as links. I hope you can still get to play.

Continue reading “Wordwall Revision Games”

HSDU powerpoint questions

These questions will be great for student self study. Beware I will need to edit some of them later as there are some things that are out of date.

eg Q= quality factor, now called Radiation weighting factor

H = dose equivalent now called equivalent dose.

Radiation

This is the main Radiation post. Start here!

Here’s the video

Thanks to Miss Horn for the Radiation Notes. Worked Answers to follow.

Thanks to Miss Horn who started these off

click on the image for the pdf Summary Sheet for Radiation

Radiation Mind Map- only print page 1 and 2. If anyone knows how to delete p3 I’d be grateful for a helping hand.

From Helpmyphysics

Fusion

Fusion is the process when two SMALL NUCLEI join to form a LARGER NUCLEI with the production of ENERGY

Fission

Fission is the process when two large nuclei split to form two smaller nuclei with the production of energy. This can occur spontaneously or due to a collision with a neutron. Often extra neutrons are produced.

Chain Reaction

When neutrons split nuclei by fission and extra neutrons are produced which can split further nuclei. Large quantities of energy are produced.

Reducing exposure to ionising radiation.

There are 3 groups of category to reduce harm caused by radiation:

  1. MONITOR
  2. SHIELD
  3. DISTANCE

Monitor includes things like wearing radiation badges or EPUs, timing how long you are exposed to radiation, checking with radiation counters any contamination on clothes.

Shielding is placing layers of absorbers between you and the source, BEWARE, goggles and a lab coat are great at protecting against alpha but have no effect on gamma. Only thick layers of lead would offer protection against gamma.

Distance. Radiation obeys the inverse square law, as you double the distance from a source the level you are exposed to decreases by Âź . Using tongs is an effective method of keeping your distance from a source.

To give you an idea of the radiation dose that would occur with radiotherapy, here is my mum’s dose. I know that she’d have been happy to share this with you as a learning experience. I really miss you mum x

When it goes wrong

Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster 1986- Effects and Summary

Chernobyl Surviving Disaster (BBC Drama Documentary)

Chernobyl Questions
  1. What date was the Chernobyl Disaster?
  2. What was the name of the man who hanged himself at the start, who was narrating the story?
  3. Which reactor blew?
  4. What was the cause of the accident?
  5. How many people went to see what had happened?
  6. What happened to the people who saw the hole in the reactor?
  7. What day of the week was the disaster?
  8. What town was evacuated?
  9. How did they drain the water from the reactor?
  10. How did they put out the fire?
  11. What was the reading on the counter when they measured the radiation levels?
  12. Why was this reading misleading and wrong?
  13. What was the real count when it was measured correctly?
  14. What were some of the symptoms of radiation poisoning?
  15. Who was sent to prison for crimes to do with the disaster? (or record how many people went to jail)
  16. Who was president of the USSR when the disaster occurred?
  17. What was the trigger that caused the man to hang himself?
  18. What is the “elephant’s foot?” in the reactor?
  19. Have there been any other nuclear disasters? Can you find out about them and name them?
  20. What other things did you learn about nuclear power stations and radioactivity?
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updated October 2020

Radiation 2

Here are some videos and powerpoint shows that I’ve made for the NPA but the outcomes are the same as those in N5 Physics. Thanks to John Sharkey for the use of the Virtual Flash Physics (Int 2) and to Julian Hamm of furryelephant for the animations of ionising an atom.

Videos

If you haven’t done much Chemistry and you don’t know the process of how chemical elements are described, I suggest you check out the video below.

With thanks to Julian Hamm www.furryelephant.com
After watching the video can you mix and match the effects of the radiation.
There are a few booboo’s such as given below and I say we put a beta particle instead of a beta source in the cloud chamber! But as I’ve already spent a day on this I had better move on!

NB In the video above I know totally that photographs were taken well before 1896, the first being taken in 1826. Henri Becquerel discovered that Uranium, a naturally radioactive element fogs photographic film.

June 2020
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Protactinium Half Life Experiment

Using John Sharkey’s Virtual Animations I complete the Half Life of Protactinium 234. The sound needs to be turned down after the first 60 s

This is the draft copy of the Half Life Experiment until I can take out all the noise. I might redo it a third time!

The first one is from the Flash Animations

Using John Sharkey’s Physics Animations
Using John Sharkey’s Flash Learning Virtual Int 2

This one below is from the Int 2 Virtual Physics. No sound, but a few notifications for Teams!

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June 2020

Indium-116 half life experiment

I hope that I am not breaking any rules, but these great resources no longer appear to be online. Can’t believe they are 20 years old!

The first photos show the background count rate, a reading of counts taken over a 1 minute period. The source is then taken out at 9:00 am and a count taken between 9:00 and 9:01, readings are then taken every 15 mins.

Time & CounterClose up ratemeter
Photo missing
count rate= 570

Background count   
Time Time from startCount ratecorrected count
(hours)(mins)(cpm)(cpm)
09:000  
09:1515  
09:3030  
09:4545  
10:0060  
10:1575  
10:3090  
10:45105  
11:00120  
11:15135  
11:30150  
11:45165  
12:00180  

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June 2020

Significant Figures

Watch the video below on significant figures.

Figure 1: The red and brown is called a counting stick and can only measure to 10 cm.

A picture containing water, clock

Description automatically generated

Figure 2: The top part of this metre stick can read to the nearest 1 cm, the bottom to the nearest mm.

When Physicist use numbers it is usually because they have measured something. Significant figures tell us how precise our measurement.

For example a student uses a metre stick to measure the length of a jotter.

A close up of a measure

Description automatically generated

If the student measures a jotter with the “counting stick” (in the top picture in the red and brown) which is marked in 10 cm graduations they will not be able to get a very good value. You would get that the jotter was just under 30 cm long but you wouldn’t be able to say much more.

If the student uses a ruler marked in centimetre marks they could say that the jotter was over 29 cm but less than 30 cm and closer to 30 cm than 29 cm, you’d say it was about 30 cm long.

If the jotter was measured with a metre stick marked in millimetres the jotter could be measured as 29.7 cm long

Figure 3 Here is a diagram of the jotter measured with different metre stick.

You need to look at significant figures with rounding which I will cover this week too.

30 cm is one significant figure and means a number between 25 cm and 34 cm which would be rounded to 30 cm. This is how you could record the number if you used the counting stick.

29 cm is two significant figures and means a number between 29.5 cm and 30.4 cm, which would be rounded to 29 cm. This is how you could record the number if you used the metre stick marked in cm only

29.7 cm is three significant figures and means a number between 29.65 cm and 29.74 cm, which would be rounded to 29.7 cm. This is probably the best measurement we should aim to make and to do this we would need a metre stick with millimetre graduations.

29.76 cm is four significant figures and means a number between 29.755 cm and 29.764 cm, it is unlikely that you could measure a jotter to that level of precision as the pages would vary by more than this. You would need a better piece of apparatus than a metre stick to measure this.

How many Significant Figures?

The simple rule is this: Your answer should have no more than the number of significant figures given in the question.

If different numbers in the question are given to a different number of significant figure you should use the number of significant figures in the value given to the smallest number of significant figures.

Example

Question: A rocket motor produces 4,570 N (3 sig fig) of thrust to a rocket with a mass of 7.0 kg (2 sig fig). What is the acceleration of the rocket?

The calculated answer to this question would be 652.8571429 ms-2 . However the least accurate value we are given in the question is the value of the mass. This is only given to two significant figures. Therefore our answer should also be to two significant figures: 650 ms–2 .

You might not think that this makes a difference, but during the SQA Intermediate 2 paper in 2006 Q25 was written to test significant figures.

Summary Notes

or now called Knowledge Organisers! and other things too

New for 2024! Are you losing marks for not knowing your quantity, symbol, unit and unit symbol. Check them off here by making flashcards or going through the powerpoint. Do a few everyday and one day a week try the challenge. How many can you get through before making a mistake or forgetting something. Who can get through to the end without a mistake?

Teachers- use away but please acknowledge the author!

They were put together by the wonderful Miss Milner from Holyrood. I hope students appreciate the wonderful Physics teaching community that are so generous with such great resources.

I’ve found a producer of some succinct summary notes which I’ve updated. Some I’ve had to make from scratch.

Properties of Matter

Electricity

Waves

These are waves summary notes I’ve produced. Hope you like them. I’d appreciate someone telling me if a photodiode can detect gamma radiation!

https://mrsphysics.co.uk/n5/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Waves-Summary-Notes-all.pdf

Radiation

Thanks to Mrs Russell who started these off

click on the image for the pdf Summary Sheet for Radiation

Dynamics

This one is a joint effort by Mrs Russell and Mrs Physics with formatting help from Mr Risbridger.

Space

Mrs N Hunter Summary Notes

I am extremely grateful to Nancy Hunter from Shetland for these great summary notes. She has kindly given permission for me to upload them here.

Hope they help. I am not removing the Anderson High School as that is where they were produced! Thanks for sharing.

I’m also very grateful to Mr L Mitchell from Belmont Academy for his Key Definitions. I’ve taken the six documents and made them into one document, hope they help. Thanks for sharing!

TopicWord/Term Definition
DAcceleration The change in velocity per unit time. It is a vector quantity and is given by the gradient of the line on a velocity-time graph.
DAverage Speed The total distance travelled by an object measured over the total time taken. The rate of covering a distance. It is measured in metres per second.
DBearing A three-digit number without a degree symbol that can be used to describe direction. It is measured from North (000) in a clockwise direction.
DDeceleration A negative acceleration which indicates that an object is slowing down. The SQA have said they will use the term negative acceleration instead of using deceleration.
DDisplacement The shortest distance between the starting point and finishing point of a journey, which takes into account the direction of travel of the object. The two points are connected with a straight line. It is a vector quantity and is given by the area under a velocity-time graph.
DDistance How far an object has travelled from the starting point to the finishing point of a journey, regardless of its direction. It is a scalar quantity.
DInstantaneous Speed The speed of an object at a particular moment in time. It is measured in metres per second. The time for the instantaneous speed must be very small
DMass The quantity of particles that make up an object. It is a scalar quantity and is measured in kilograms (kg).
DResultant Vector The final vector drawn from the starting point to the finishing point after adding two vectors.
DScalar A quantity that consists of a magnitude (size) only.
DSpeed The distance travelled per unit time. The rate of covering a distance. It is a scalar quantity.
DVector A quantity that consists of a magnitude (size) and direction.
DVelocity The displacement per unit time. It is a vector quantity.
DWeight The force due to gravity acting on an object. It is a vector quantity and is measured in newtons (N).
SAsteroid Objects orbiting the sun that do not fulfil planetary criteria.
SCelestial Body A natural object in the sky.
SDocking The joining together of spacecraft modules in orbit. It requires a very precise Hohmann transfer from one orbit to the target orbit.
SDwarf Planet An object that orbits a star and is similar to a planet but is not large enough to clear its orbital path of debris.
SExoplanet A planet outside of our solar system that orbits a star.
SGalaxy A cluster of gravitationally bound stars, gas and dust clouds.
SGeostationary Satellite A satellite that has a period of 24 hours and orbits the Earth’s equator at an altitude of 36 000 km. It remains above the same point on the Earth’s surface.
SGravity Assist Using the gravitational pull of a celestial body to gain or lose orbital velocity.
SGravitational field strengthWeight per unit mass. Weight per kilogram. (Nkg -1 )
SGravity Turn A spacecraft takes a slight turn when it reaches a certain altitude after a vertical launch. This minimises the effect of the gravitational pull of the body on the spacecraft, allowing it to reach a certain horizontal speed for its desired orbit.
SHohmann Transfer The movement of a spacecraft from one circular orbit to another by gaining or losing orbital velocity.
SIon Drive Ion thrusters accelerate ions in an electric field to generate thrust rather than burning fuel. They only require a small amount of fuel to do this.
SKepler’s 3 rd Law As the orbital radius increases, the orbital period also increases.
SMoon A natural object that orbits a planet.
SOrbital Period The time taken to go around the Sun in one full revolution, or the time taken for a moon to go once around a planet etc
SOrbital Radius The distance between the centre of an object and the centre of the body it is orbiting.
SPlanet An object that does not undergo nuclear fusion but orbits a star.
SSolar System A central star orbited by planets.
SStar A large ball of hot gases that is undergoing nuclear fusion and emitting electromagnetic radiation
SSun The star at the centre of our solar system.
SUniverse Consists of many galaxies separated by empty space.
EAlternating Current (A.C.) An electric current which constantly changes direction and it's magnitude (size).
EAmmeter A component used to measure the current in a circuit.
EBattery A collection of two or more cells.
EBulb/Lamp A component that converts electrical energy to light energy.
ECell A component used to power a circuit.
EDirect Current (D.C.) The flow of electrons or charge in one direction only. Current which only flows direction in the circuit.
EElectric Field A force field that surrounds any electric charge, causing a charge to experience a force.
EElectrical Current The electric charge transferred per second.
EMains Voltage The voltage supplied to any electrical device plugged into the mains. In the UK, this is 230 V.
ENon-Ohmic Conductor A component that does not obey Ohm’s law.
EOhm’s Law For a fixed temperature, the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current passing through it.
EOhmic Conductor A component that obeys Ohm’s law.
EOhmmeter A device used to measure the resistance of a circuit component.
EParallel Circuit A circuit in which there is more than one path (branch) for the current to flow.
EPotential Difference (Voltage) The energy supplied to each coulomb of charge that passes through a power supply.
EResistance The opposition to a current or electron flow.
EResistor A component that opposes the flow of current.
ESeries Circuit A circuit in which all components are connected one after the other and there is only one path for the current to flow.
ESwitch A component that allows a circuit to be turned on/off.
EVariable Resistor A component that allows the flow of current in a circuit to be changed.
EVoltmeter A device used to measure the voltage across a circuit component.
PoMAbsolute Zero The temperature at which the pressure in a substance is zero. This occurs at -273 °C (or 0 K), where we assume that the average kinetic energy of the particles is zero.
PoMCondensing The process by which a gas changes state to a liquid.
PoMConduction The transfer of heat through a solid. Heat flows from a high temperature to a low temperature.
PoMConvection The transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids (liquids and gases).
PoMFreezing The process by which a liquid changes state to a solid.
PoMFusion (Melting) The process by which a solid changes state to a liquid.
PoMHeat A form of energy measured in joules (J). It is a measure of the total kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
PoMPressure The force per unit area.
PoMRadiation The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves (infrared).
PoMSpecific Heat Capacity The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C.
PoMSpecific Latent Heat The amount of heat energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without a change in temperature .
PoMSpecific Latent Heat of Fusion The energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at its melting point without a change in temperature.
PoMSpecific Latent Heat of Vaporisation The energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.
PoMTemperature Indicates how hot or cold an object is, measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or kelvin (K). It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
PoMVaporisation (Evaporating) The process by which a liquid changes state to a gas.
WAmplitude The maximum distance from the mean position on a wave. (The vertical distance from the axis to the top of the wave (crest) or axis to the bottom of the wave (trough). It is also half the vertical height of the wave.
WAngle of Incidence The angle measured between the incident ray and the normal.
WAngle of Refraction The angle measured between the refracted ray and the normal.
WCrest The top point (peak) of a wave.
WDiffraction The bending of waves through gaps or around obstacles.
WEletromagnetic Spectrum A group of all the types of electromagnetic radiation ordered in terms of their wavelength/frequency. All the waves travel at the speed of light (3 ´ 10 8 ms -1 )
WFrequency The number of waves produced or passing a point per second.
WLongitudinal Wave A longitudinal wave is one where the particles vibrate along the same direction as the wave.
WNormal A dashed line that is drawn perpendicular (at 90°) to any surface.
WPeriod The time taken for one wave to pass a point. It is also calculated from the inverse of the frequency.
WRefraction The change in speed of light as it passes from one medium to another (e.g. from air to glass).
WTransverse Wave A transverse wave is one where the particles move at right angles (90°) to the direction of travel of the wave.
WTrough The bottom point of a wave.
WWave speedThe distance travelled per second. It is also the frequency multiplied by the wavelength.
WWavelength The horizontal distance from one crest to the next crest, one trough to the next trough or one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave.
RAbsorbed Dose The energy absorbed by a material per unit mass.
RActivity The number of nuclear decays (or disintegrations) per second.
RAlpha Particle A particle made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. It is also the nucleus of a helium atom. It has a charge or +2 or 3.2 ´ 10 -19 C
RAtom An overall neutral particle consisting of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and orbiting electrons. All matter is made up of atoms.
RBackground Radiation Radiation that is all around us and is caused by both natural and artificial sources, e.g. radon gas.
RBeta Particle A fast moving electron. It has a charge of -1. It forms in the nucleus when a neutron changes to a proton.
RElectron A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom. It has a charge of -1. or -1.6 ´ 10 -19 C
RFilm Badge An obsolete radiation detector worn by people who work with radioactive materials to monitor the radiation dose that they are exposed to. It uses different filters which blacken or ‘fog’ when radiation hits them.
RGamma Ray An electromagnetic wave of very high frequency and energy.
RGeiger-Muller Tube A radiation detector that uses the ionisation of gas in the tube to count the number of times radiation hits it.
RHalf LifeThe time taken for the activity/ corrected count rate(of a radioactive source)to half
RIonisation The addition or removal of an electron from a neutral atom.
RNeutron A particle with neutral charge that exists in the nucleus of an atom.
RNucleus The small, dense region containing protons and neutrons at the centre of an atom.
RProton A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. It has a charge of +1. or +1.6 ´ 10 -19 C
RRadiation Weighting Factor An indicator of the relative biological effect of radiation on a material.
RScintillation Counter A radiation detector that counts the flashes of light produced when radiation hits the scintillating material.
RShielding The act of placing a material between a person and a radioactive source to absorb radiation.
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My Birthday 2024

Learning Outcome Questions.

At last I’ve completed the LOQ. There are a few mistakes in the answers but really not many.

When completing these questions there is no point in just going straight to the answers, it wont teach you anything. Use the answers after you’ve completed what you can do and had a good guess at what you can’t. Mark in green anything you’ve had to look up.

Enjoy!

Complete book of outcome questions

Final version of the Learning Outcome Questions that are matched to the compendium

Individual Sections

ALL UNITS

Dynamics

Space

ELECTRICITY

Properties of Matter

Waves

Radiation

This also contains some bonus material on problem solving questions. You’ll find these in every paper.

December 2019
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Learning Outcome Answers

This contains the N5 Physics Self Assessment Answers for each unit. Revise with these or use as homework

There is absolutely no point in just copying out the answers. There is an important requirement in checking your answers carefully to ensure you haven’t made a mistake and that you’ve understood the course specifications and the learning outcomes.

Only check over the answer when you’ve completed a section and mark them in green pen.

Advice from the SQA

From the Understanding Standards Meeting I went to Physics teachers were advised to tell their students NOT to add in the rearranging line for their calculations. Just do the formula, substitution and final line. For some of you this will involve too many steps so you might want to cross out any middle lines. I’ve shown mine in these answers to give you more help as to how to get to the answer.

All Units (the maths bit)

Dynamics

Finally finished, but I’ll need to edit out the duplicates but I’ll do that with the updated booklet so the numbers match. (updated 22nd June 2020) Not sure when they will get done, it might be a 2021 version

Space

Waves

Electricity

Properties of Matter

20/12/19 finished, thanks to Callum, some corrections made 25/0222

Radioactivity & Variables Questions

Finished 27/07/20

Please if you find mistakes in my answers please add a comment below.

I will now need to go through and make a 2021 booklet of questions and answers with the corrections. This is a long slow process! I hope you find them useful, then it will have all been worthwhile…… Now I need to start the Higher ones!

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July 2020

Space Learning Outcome Questions

Final Space Learning Outcomes.

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Sept 2020

Waves Learning Outcome Questions

Here are the Waves Learning outcome questions which will help you through your revision. They can also be found in the Learning outcome section in the Course Material drop down menu. Answers are on here too, but copying from the answers is a pointless activity. Hopefully by completing all of these questions you will have produced an excellent set of revision notes from which to revise.

You can always use these in electronic version to answer the questions but DON’T think you’ll produce one set between you and copy!

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Updated Jan 2021

Perfect Answers to Revise

Check out this list of nearly 200 perfect answers from common questions taken from SG, Int 1, Int 2 and N5 Marking instructions. Why not work with some friend and make up some flashcards and see who can get most right in a given time.

QuestionResponse
State the purpose of the fuse fitted in the plug of an appliance.stops too large a current
OR prevents wiring overheating
OR protect wiring (from damage)
Explain in terms of electron flow what is meant by alternating current.direction of electron (flow)
(continually) changing back and forth/to and fro
What happens to the power when the when R added in parallel?(power dissipated is) greater/increased/higher (combined/parallel/total) resistance less voltage across motor is greater/increased OR current (in motor) is greater/increased
Using the kinetic model, explain what happens to the pressure of the air inside the pump as its volume decreases.(individual) particles collide with container/walls more frequently (than before) (overall) force (on walls) is greater pressure increases
Suggest how the accuracy of the frequency determined by the student could be improved.measure the time for more waves to pass
OR count the number of waves in a longer period of time
OR repeat (the measurement) and average
State what is meant by an activity of 80 kBq.80 000 (nuclei) decay(s) per unit time
Explain how a single reaction can lead to the continuous generation of energy.neutrons can go on to cause further (fission) reactions/split more (uranium) nuclei causing a chain reaction/this process repeats
Use of NUCLEAR RADIATIONany suitable use (eg treating cancer/tracers/ sterilisation/smoke detectors/ measuring thickness of paper)
Describe how the upward force exerted by the weightlifter on the barbell compares to the weight of the barbell.(The forces are) equal (in size) and opposite (in direction).
State a suitable detector of visible lightphotographic film
State the speed of the radio waves.3.00 ´ 10 8 ms -1
State what is meant by the term gamma rays.High frequency (or short wavelength) electromagnetic radiation
The radioactive source must be stored in a lead-lined container.
Explain why a lead-lined container should be used.
Lead can absorb (some of) the gamma rays
State the annual effective dose limit for the radiation worker.20 mSv
Explain why the phone receives a signal at X but not at Y.The waves from the transmitter will diffract over the hill to reach X but will not diffract enough to reach Y
Using the kinetic model, explain the increase in the pressure of the gas in the syringe as its volume decreases.As volume decreases, the particles of gas will strike the piston of the syringe more often Since P= F/A , this results in an increased pressure
Explain how the graph confirms that Xis directly proportional to Y.The line of best fit is a straight line
which passes through the origin
Explain how this [ LDR Mosfet ] circuit worksLight level increases, LDR resistance decreases
LDR resistance decreases, voltage across R increases
Voltage across R increases, MOSFET switches the motor on
State how the frequency of microwave radiation compares to the frequency of infrared radiation.(Microwave radiation has a) smaller (frequency than infra-red radiation)
State whether the orbital period of the ISS in its highest orbit will be less than, the same as, or greater than the orbital period calculated in part (d) (i).(Orbital period will be) greater
Explain, in terms of forces, how the parachutes reduce the speed of
the Module.
Upward force is increased (by parachutes) producing an unbalanced force upwards
Explain why these Modules burn up on re-entry into the atmosphere.Force of friction is created on the surface of the modules causes heat to be produced
Explain why in hilly regions you can receive radio but not TV signalsRadio waves are longer in wavelentgh than TV waves and longer waves diffract more than waves with a shorter wavelength
State the speed of microwave signals in air3 x 10⁸ m/s or 300,000,000m/s
What is meant by the term geostationaryOrbits at 36000km above the equator OR same period as earth
State a reason for a commercial motor using field coils instead of permenant magnetsMotor has a smaller mass OR field can be controlled OR can be used in AC/DC OR can be switched off
State a reason for a commercial motor using a multi section commuter instead of a single commuterMotor is more powerful OR turns more smoothly
A student has an eye defect. An object close to the students eye appears focoused but a distant object appears blurred. What name is given to this eye defect?Myopia or short sight
State what is meant by thr term ionisationWhen an atom gains negative charge OR when an atom loses negative charge. OR when an atoms gains electrons OR when at atom loses electrons
State the unit of equivalent dosesieverts/Sv OR mSv
Suggest a suitable output that will illuminate the warning display (on a car)LED
Explain in terms of forces, why seatbelts are used in carsThe driver will continue to travel at a constant speed until the seatbelt applies an unbalanced force to stop the driver
The temperature outside the car is measured with an electronic thermometer and displayed on a screen. What input device could be used in the electronic thermometer?_x000D_
OR gate
State what is meant by gravitational field strengthWeight per unit mass
Which radiation in the EM spectrum has the shortest wavelengthGamma
State one detector of radio wavesThermograms OR electronic thermometer
Describe how signals are transmitted along optical fibres.(Light travels through the glassfibre.) Rays of light are(totally internally) reflected
(inside the fibre) OR: “TIR”
State one advantage of using optical fibres rather than copper wires for transmitting signals.Carry more information OR
better signal quality
Explain why the mains switch must be connected to the live cable from the mains supply.To switch off all circuits OR To isolate the consumer unit fuses and domestic circuits from the mains supply
State another difference between the ring circuit and the lighting_x000D_
circuit.
The lighting circuit uses thinner
cable
State one advantage of using a ring circuit as a preferred method of wiring in parallel.Two routes for current to flow/less
(half) current in each branch
OR
Thinner cable/cheaper
1 Accept:
 Easier to add more sockets
 Less heating
 Less voltage drop
DO NOT accept:
 Safer (unless qualified by “less current”)
 Less cable
 Any comparison with series circuit
 Less current per ring
 All sockets get 230 V
State one advantage of using a circuit breaker instead of a fuse.Reusable/faster response time/
easily reset
1 Accept:
 Easier to tell if on or off
 ‘Trips’ at a smaller overload
 Fuse needs to be replaced
 Switches off “immediately”
DO NOT accept:
 Cheaper
State one further safety precaution that should be taken by the teacher when handling the radioactive sources.Use forceps/don’t point at eyes/
wear gloves etc
Describe one medical use of radiation where the radiation is used to destroy cells.Instrument sterilisation/treatment of_x000D_
cancer
Explain how this circuit operates to activate the motor in the dryer when the light level falls below a certain value.R of LDR increases (½) V across LDR increases_x000D_
(above 0¡7V) (½)_x000D_
Transistor switches ON (½)_x000D_
Relay coil is energised_x000D_
(which closes the relay switch_x000D_
and activates the motor) (½)
Name a suitable output device that could be used in the alarm box to produce an audio output.When one of the inputs_x000D_
(to gate X) is logic 0/OFF/_x000D_
LOW (½)_x000D_
The output (from gate X) is_x000D_
logic 0/OFF/LOW_x000D_
(½)
Explain, in terms of Newton’s Third Law, how the rocket engines propel the rocket upwards.Engine/exhaust gases pushed down_x000D_
(A on B); gases push rocket up_x000D_
(B on A)_x000D_
Explain why larger aircraft require a longer runway to land safely.Aircraft has increased mass 1_x000D_
so has reduced deceleration 1_x000D_
OR_x000D_
Aircraft has increased kinetic energy 1_x000D_
w E = Fd (so if F is constant d is greater) 1
Explain why these Modules burn up on re-entry into the atmosphere.Force of friction is created on the_x000D_
surface of the modules 1_x000D_
causes heat to be produced 1
Explain, in terms of forces, how the parachutes reduce the speed of the Module.Upward force is increased (by_x000D_
parachutes) 1_x000D_
producing an unbalanced force_x000D_
upwards
Explain, in terms of its horizontal velocity and weight, how the ISS remains in orbit around the Earth.The horizontal velocity of the ISS is_x000D_
large enough to ensure that it does_x000D_
not get closer to the Earth’s_x000D_
surface (or equivalent statement) 1_x000D_
The weight of the ISS is large_x000D_
enough to ensure that it does not_x000D_
move further away from the Earth’s_x000D_
surface (or equivalent statement) 1
State how the frequency of microwave radiation compares to the frequency_x000D_
of infrared radiation.
(Microwave radiation has a) smaller_x000D_
(frequency than infra-red radiation)
The MOSFET switches on when the voltage across variable resistor R reaches 2¡4 V. Explain how this circuit works to close the blind.Light level increases, LDR_x000D_
resistance decreases 1_x000D_
LDR resistance decreases, voltage_x000D_
across R increases 1_x000D_
Voltage across R increases,_x000D_
MOSFET switches the motor on 1
Explain why the actual time taken to make the ice will be longer than the time calculated in part (c) (i).Heat will be taken in from the_x000D_
surroundings 1_x000D_
so the system will have additional_x000D_
heat to remove 1
Using the kinetic model, explain the increase in the pressure of the gas in the syringe as its volume decreases.As volume decreases, the particles_x000D_
of gas will strike the piston of the_x000D_
syringe more often 1_x000D_
Since P= F/A , this results in an_x000D_
increased pressure 1
When carrying out the experiment, the student clamped the syringe rather than holding it in their hand._x000D_
Explain why this is better experimental practice.
Using a clamp will prevent heat_x000D_
from the student’s hand increasing_x000D_
the temperature of the gas in the_x000D_
syringe 1_x000D_
If the temperature of the gas in the_x000D_
syringe is not constant, the_x000D_
experiment would not be valid 1
A second student suggests that replacing the short tubing between the syringe and the pressure sensor with one of longer length would improve the experiment._x000D_
Explain why this student’s suggestion is incorrect.
The suggestion is incorrect because_x000D_
the volume of air in the tubing is_x000D_
not being read from the scale on_x000D_
the syringe 1_x000D_
A longer length of tubing would_x000D_
increase the (systematic)_x000D_
uncertainty in the experiment 1
The climber also carries a mobile phone. The climber notices that the phone receives a signal at X but not at Y._x000D_
Explain why the phone receives a signal at X but not at Y.
The waves from the transmitter will_x000D_
diffract over the hill to reach X 1_x000D_
but will not diffract enough to_x000D_
reach Y 1
Explain why this method (half-life) could not be used to estimate the age of a tree that died 100 years ago.The activity (of a sample from the tree)_x000D_
would not have reduced significantly/_x000D_
measurably in 100 years
AnswerQuestion
(As orbit is circular) direction changes / or unbalanced force exists so velocity changes .Although the satellite travelled at a constant speed in a circular orbit, it accelerated continuously. Explain this statement._x000D_
Car continues at a constant speed during this time. AB represents driver’s reaction time OR the forces are balanced (orequivalent).Describe and explain the motion of the car between A and B.
Less than. Some heat is lost to surroundings.Is the actual temperature change of the ball greater than, the same as or less than the value calculated in part (a)(ii)? You must explain your answer.
Answer= 3.42 This is greater than the 3W or labelled power rating (so it overheats).During this experiment, the resistor becomes very hot and gives off smoke. Explain why this happens
No. In parallel the voltage is still the same/6V across each resistor so its power is the sameThe student states that two of these resistors would not have overheated if they were connected together in parallel with the battery._x000D_
Is the student correct? explain your answer_x000D_
As the temperature increases the resistance of thermistor RT decreases. What happens to the voltage across RT as the temperature increases?Voltage falls/decreases
The temperature of RT now decreases.
Will the lamp stay on or go off?
You must explain your answer.

Temperature decreases, resistance increases, voltage drop increases to be >2.4V. Circuit switches on.
A student standing beside the apparatus observes the beeps and flashes happening at exactly the same time. Another student 88 m away does not observe them happening at the same time.The speed of sound is less than the speed of light.
Optical fibres are used to carry internet data using infra-red radiation. Is the wavelength of infra-red radiation greater than, the same as, or less than the wavelength of visible light?Greater
The diagram shows the path of the infra-red ray as it passes through a section of the fibre, name the effect shown.
Total Internal Reflection
More amplitude recieved at the microphoneExplain why using the curved reflector makes the sound detected by the_x000D_
microphone louder.
Short sightedness The spy needs spectacles to see distant objects clearly._x000D_
What is the name given to this eye defect?
What type of lens is needed to correct this defect (short sightedness?convcave
weapons, rocks, atmosphereState two factors which can affect the background radiation level.
A type of electromagnetic radiation / wave/ ray. The source emits gamma rays. State what is meant by a gamma ray.
The moderator slows neutrons.In a nuclear reactor, state the purpose of:_x000D_
the moderator
The containment vessel prevents/reduces release of_x000D_
radiations OR radioactive gases OR radioactive substances etc.
the containment vessel.
Fission or Chain reaction.What type of nuclear reaction takes place in a nuclear power station’ s reactor?
The accepted value for the density of air at this temperature is 1·29 kg m–3. Explain why the technician’s answer is different from the accepted value.Not all the air will be evacuated from jar OR It is impossible to get a perfect vacuum OR Some air has leaked back in
Use the kinetic model to explain this change in pressure after removing air with the syringe.Particles collide with walls of jar. Number of collisions on walls of jar is less frequent. Average force (on walls) decreases. Pressure on walls of jar decreases
Explain why the reading on the voltmeter has decreased(Total) resistance decreases (circuit) current increases, lost volts increases
Explain what is meant by a capacitance of 200 ÂľF.200 ÂľC of charge increases voltage across plates by 1 volt OR 200 ÂľC per volt OR One volt across the plates of the capacitor causes 200 ÂľC of charge to be stored
The distance between the two foils is now increased and the experiment repeated. Explain why this gives a more accurate result for the acceleration due to gravity.Percentage fractional uncertainty in measuring distance will be smaller OR percentage fractional fractional uncertainty in measuring time will be smaller
Explain why the output voltage Vo does not increase above 13 V.output cannot be greater than approx 85% of the supply voltage OR saturation of the amplifier has been reached
Explain why the kinetic energy of the electrons is zero below the frequency f₀Photons with frequency below f₀ “because f₀ is threshold do not have enough energy to release electrons OR Photons with frequency below f₀ have energy smaller than work function
gamma radiation can penetrate the body OR as beta radiation cannot penetrate the bodyExplain why Iodine-123 should be used as a tracer to diagnose problems in the thyroid gland.
 (As temp increases,) input voltage to transistor increases (½)  (above 0·7V) switching transistor on (½)  Current in the (relay) coil (producing magnetic field). (½)  (Relay) switch closes / activates, (½) (completing the bell circuit/ operating the bell).Explain how the circuit operates to sound the bell when the temperature of the thermocouple reaches a certain value.
Energy is lost as sound OR heat (within the transformer coils/core.)State one reason why transformers are not 100% efficient.
It moves with constant speed in the horizontal direction (1) while accelerating due to the force of gravity in the vertical direction (1)The ISS orbits at a height of approximately 360 km above the Earth. Explain why the ISS stays in orbit around the Earth.
direction of electron (flow) (continually) changing back and forth/to and froThe blender is connected to an alternating current (a.c.) supply. Explain in terms of electron flow what is meant by alternating current.
(power dissipated is) greater/increased/higher (1) (combined/parallel/total) resistance less (1) voltage across motor is greater/increased OR current (in motor) is greater/increased (1)State the effect that closing switch S2 has on the power dissipated in the motor. Justify your answer.
(individual) particles collide with container/walls more frequently (than before) (1) (overall) force (on walls) is greater (1) pressure increases (1)Using the kinetic model, explain what happens to the pressure of the air inside the pump as its volume decreases.
The rocket engine in a spacecraft burns fuel producing exhaust gases. Identify the Newton pair of forcesThe spacecraft (or equivalent) pushes the exhaust gases (backward). The gases push the spacecraft (or equivalent ) ( forward.)
State the energy transformation in the filament lamp.Electrical ---> light + heat
Filament lamps and LEDs are examples of output devices. Name one other output device. Any suitable – heater, motor, (loud)speaker, relay, etc.
Explain in terms of electron flow what is meant by alternating current (a.c.).The flow of electrons constantly changes direction
Explain why the guitar string induces an a.c. voltage.The string changes direction (in the magnetic field.)
Name the effect used to transmit light through a glass optical fibre.Total internal reflection
The worker wears a badge containing photographic film. Explain how this can indicate if the worker has been exposed to radiation.Photographic film will) fog / darken (when exposed to radiation).
X-rays can cause ionisation. Explain what is meant by ionisation.When an atom gains / loses (orbiting) electrons.
Use the kinetic model to explain what happens to the pressure of the gas as its temperature decreases. as temperature decreases the particles slow down/lose Ek . strike the sides of the container less often. each collision less forceful/hard. pressure decreases. Reference must be clearly about the force of the individual particle collisions eg “the particles move more slowly and so strike the walls less often, meaning the force is less and so the pressure is less”
Using the terms electrons, holes and photons, explain how light is produced at the p-n junction of the LED.(When the LED is forward biased) holes and electrons (re)combine (at the junction ) (of the LED) and photons (of light) are produced/emitted.
Explain why a spectrum is produced in the glass prism.Different frequencies / colours are refracted through different angles OR different frequencies / colours have different refractive indices
State what is meant by the resultant of a number of forces.A single force which will have the same effect as all the other forces
The parascender releases the rope and initially rises higher. Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why the parascender rises.The vertical component of the force exerted by the parasail is greater than the weight of the parascender.
Explain what happens to the density of the trapped air when its temperature is increased.remains the same neither the mass nor the volume have changed
Capacitors have an insulator between their plates. Explain why there is a current in the circuit during the charging process.Electrons flow in all the wires because they are repelled from negative terminal of power supply to bottom/one plate of the capacitor and they are attracted off the top/other plate towards positive terminal of power supply
At the end of the run, the engine is switched off and parachutes attached to the car slow it down. Explain how the parachutes slow down the car.Parachute creates friction (which acts in opposite direction to motion)
Explain the difference between conductors and insulators.Conductors allow charges to move and insulators do not
Explain what a.c. and d.c. mean in terms of current.a.c. − Current changes direction continuously (1) d.c. − Current is in one direction
Is the wavelength of the ultrasound in the tissue longer, shorter or the same as it is in air? Explain your answer.Longer (1) frequency same but velocity greater
Which radioactive source should be used? You must explain your answer Source X: (1) beta is required (owing to the range/some of it would be absorbed by the paper) (½) with a long half-life
Explain the function of the moderatorslows neutrons
In practice the acceleration is not constant. Give a reason for this.Other forces will act on the plane, mass decrease
State the speed of ultrasonic waves in air340 m/s
What happens to the lost kinetic energy?Turns into heat energy
State what is meant by the term voltage. (The voltage of a supply is a measure of) the energy given to the charges in a circuit.
State how this affects the speed of the motor compared to Circuit 1. Explain your answerThe motor speed will reduce. The (combined) resistance (of the circuit) is now higher/current is lower. Voltage across motor is less Motor has less power
What is the purpose of component X in the circuit?To act as a switch
What is the purpose of the variable resistor R in this circuit?The variable resistor is to set the light level at which the transistor will switch on or to set the level at which the buzzer will sound
Light waves are transverse waves. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Describe each type of wave in terms of vibrations.With transverse waves the vibrations are at right angles to the direction of travel. With longitudinal waves the vibrations are in the same direction of travel.
State what is meant by a radiation weighting factor.A measure of the biological effect of a radiation.
Disposal of some types of radioactive waste from nuclear reactors is particularly difficult. Give a reason for this difficulty.Stays (highly) radioactive for a (very) long time
Another student carries out the same experiment using a flask of larger volume. Explain why this is a better design for the experimentA flask of larger volume is better because this increases the mass and volume of air and used in the experiment. This should result in a smaller percentage error in the measurements of both mass and volume of the gas. This will in turn reduce the percentage error in the calculated density of air.
Use the kinetic model to explain what happens to the pressure of trapped air if its volume increases.Pressure is caused by the gas particles exerting a force on the walls of the container. When the volume of the container decreases there is an increase in the collision rate, meaning that more force is exerted on the container walls. This increases the pressure as pressure is a measure of force per unit area (P = F/A).
What change could be made to this circuit to ensure that the same capacitor stores more energyIncreasing the supply voltage would increase the energy storing capacity of the capacitor. This is because the final voltage, across the fully charged capacitor, would be higher.
In a laser the light is produced by stimulated emission of radiation. Explain the term 'stimulated emission' by making reference to the energy levels in atoms A high voltage or other energy source can be used to pump electrons up into higher energy states. For example, an electron can be pumped up to energy level (E2) and then fall into the metastable state E1, creating what is called an inverted population. A passing photon, having an energy equal to the energy gap E1 to E0 can encourage/stimulate an electron to drop from energy state E1 to E0 with the production of a photon in phase, with the same frequency and travelling parallel to the stimulating photon. Thereafter, photons produced by stimulated emission can cause further stimulated emission. This is the basis for stimulated emission and amplification.
The distance between the screen and the laser is now doubled. State how the radius of the spot now compares with the one shown in the diagram. You must justify your answerThe laser beam is non divergent. It does not spread out. This means the radius of the spot is a constant.
Two 15kg masses, X and Y, shaped as shown, are dropped through the same distance on two identical uncovered concrete pipes. When the masses hit the pipes, the masses are brought to rest in the same time. Which mass causes more damage to a pipe? Explain your answer in terms of pressureBlock X will cause more damage because the force, although the same for each block, is exerted over a smaller area. This results in more pressure applied to the pipe. Pressure = Force/Area
In the circuit above, the 20 ohm resistor is now replaced with a 10 ohm resistor. The intensity of light is unchanged. The following measurements re obtained.S closed =0.011V. S open= 0.508V. Explain why the reading on the voltmeter, when S is closed is smaller than the corresponding reading in part (b)Decreasing the value of the load resistor will increase the current in the circuit. This will increase the "lost" volts (Vlost=Ir). Voltmeter reading = emf-Vlost This explains the lower reading on the voltmeter when the switch is closed.
Explain why, as angle x is unchanged, it is important to keep the lightmeter at a constant distance from point X for each measurement of intensity.By keeping the light meter a constant distance from X you are justified in stating that any change in the recorded intensity is a result of changing q. If the distance was altered a change in intensity could be the result of a diverging beam.
Explain what is meant by photoelectric emission from a metal.Photoelectric emission is the term used to describe the process by which an electron bound in an atom can absorb enough energy from a single photon to escape, or be emitted, from the atom.
Explain why the actual temperature rise of the disc is less than
calculated in (b) (i).
energy is lost to the surrounding air
State which, if any, of the resistors will overheat30 ohm resistor will overheat
The 9V d.c. supply is replaced by a 9V a.c. supply.
What effect, if any, would this have on your answers to part (b) (ii)?
none
What energy change takes place in the microphoneSound energy to Electrical energy
The amplifier processes the signal from the microphone.
What effect does the amplifier have on the signal’s
(i) frequency;
 (ii) amplitude?
(i) None
(ii) Greater
Explain what is meant by the term “critical angle”.If light inside the prism strikes the surface at an angle greater than the critical angle it will be totally internally reflected.
Explain how this circuit works to close the blind.The resistance of LDR drops
(with light level rise)
V across R rises
until MOSFET switches on the motor
What is the purpose of the variable resistor R?to set the light level at which the blind closes.
State whether or not the blinds will close when the light level is

Since V< 2¡4 V transistor will not switch on
so blinds do not shut.
Why does each LED need a resistor in series?to limit current in/voltage across the LED
What type of lens should be used?Converging/convex
How would the shape of this lens have to be altered to give it a longer focal
length?
Make thinner/or less curved
Name the eye defect which this type of lens could correctLong sight
The radioactive source and detector are moved along the weld. How
would the count rate change when the detector moves over an air pocket?
Explain your answer.
Count rate increases
Air is more easily penetrated/less metal to be penetrated
Which of the radiations alpha, beta or gamma must be used?
Explain your answer.
Gamma penetrates best/other two would not penetrate steel
X-rays are sometimes used to detect air pockets.How does the wavelength of X-rays compare with gamma rays?x-rays longer/gamma shorter
What is meant by the term “half-life”?time taken for half of the radioactive atoms to decay or activity to decrease by half
Describe two precautions taken by the scientists to reduce the equivalentdose they receive while using radioactive sourcesAny 2 of shielding/limiting time of exposure/ increasing distance


The risk of biological harm from radiation exposure depends on theabsorbed dose and the type of radiation. Which other factor affectsthe risk of biological harm?Tissue type
Speed at Q is greater, Mass of car is greater, Deceleration is less Since a = F/m (and F is constant) Can gain full marks by calculation Test repeated, same car but with passegers. Speed at P still 30 m s–1. Same braking force. How does the speed of the car at Q compare?
What effect, if any, does this decrease in temperature have on the density of the oxygen in the cylinder?
No change
both mass and volume remain
constant
Fewer molecules/atoms/particles inside canister so fewer collisions/hits with
walls per second 
Temp of oxygen inside cylinder remains constant. Explain, in terms of particles, why pressure of the gas inside the cylinder decreases.
When in use, internal resistance of each cell gradually increases.
What effect, does this have on the power output of the heating
element?
Power output is less ½               Current is less        RIP 2 =   R (load) is constant
State what is meant by the term capacitance.Quantity of charge stored per volt
Yellow LED is lit _x000D_
Because it is forward biased
Which LED(s) is/are lit at this value of output voltage?_x000D_
Justify your answer.
State what is meant by an activity of 12 kBq.12000 decays per second
0¡03 ¾Sv State the average equivalent dose received by the hand on each
occasion. 0.030 ÎźGy
State whether the speed of ultrasound in brass is less than, equal to or greater than the speed of ultrasound in steelThe speed of ultrasound is brass is less than it is in steel (1) AND it takes a longer time to travel the same distance (1)
State what happens to the speed of the light as it enters a diamondIt decreases/slows down
State what is meant by the term half-lifeTime taken for activity to decrease by half OR time taken for half of the nuclei to decay
State what is meant by a gamma rayAn EM wave/a high frequency electromagnetic wave
Describe the energy change that takes place as the marble (is dropped) and hits the sandkinetic energy to heat and sound energy
Define the term acceleration.Acceleration is the change of velocity (not speed) in unit time
Explain how the satellite can be accelerating when it is travelling at a constant speed.Direction of satellite is (continually) changing
Gamma radiation is an example of radiation which causes ionisation. Explain what is meant by the term ionisation.Ionisation is when an atom gains or loses electrons
The accepted value for the specific heat capacity of water is quoted in the table in the Data Sheet. Explain the difference between the accepted value and the value obtained in the experiment.Measured value of ܧ୦ too large OR Δ T too small
How could the experiment be improved to reduce this difference?Insulate beaker
Which power supply should be used to operate the transformer?ac OR mains OR one on left
What is the purpose of a transformer?Transformers are used to change* the magnitude † (size ok) of an (alternatin g) volta ge OR current
What is the purpose of resistor R?To reduce current in LED
State the energy change in a solar cellLight → electric (al) Not ‘electricity’
Identify radiations P and Q.P – Ultraviolet OR UV,Q – Microwaves
State what happens to the frequency of electromagnetic radiation as the wavelength increases.Decrease/reduces/goes down/lessens
Carbon-14 emits beta particles. What is a beta particle?An electron
A radioactive source emits alpha particles. What is an alpha particle?A helium nucleus OR equivalent eg 2p + 2n
How does the ionisation density of alpha particles compare with that of beta particles?Greater Stronger -0 More powerful -0
One of the lamps now develops a fault and stops working. State the effect this has on the other lamp. You must justify your answer.The other lamp: remains lit, stays on, is the same brightness, gets brighter, is not affected. Justification: The current still has a path through the other lamp. (1)

OR

The current in the other lamp is the same (only acceptable if other lamp stays same brightness) (1)
Explain how the circuit operates to switch on the heater when the temperature falls below a certain value.
(As Rth increases,) Vth increases (1)
(When Vth = 2¡0 V or V reaches switching voltage,) MOSFET/transistor turns on (1)
Relay switches on (the heater). (1)
The resistance of the variable resistor R is now increased. What effect does this have on the temperature at which the heater is switched on? You must justify your answer.
Temperature decreases (1)

Resistance of thermistor must be greater / increase (1)

to switch on MOSFET / transistor (1)
X-rays can cause ionisation. Explain what is meant by ionisationWhen an atom gains / loses / gains or loses electrons.
The pilot and passengers are weighed before they board the helicopter. Explain the reason for this.
To check that the maximum takeoff weight is not exceeded.
The student launches the rocket a second time. For this launch, the student adds a greater volume of water than before. The same initial upward thrust acts on the rocket but it fails to reach the same height. Explain why the rocket fails to reach the same height.
more water will increase weight/mass (1) unbalanced force decreases (1)
acceleration is less (1)
3 x 10⁸ m/s
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